Envolvente · Térmico
Transmitancia de muro y cubierta
La transmitancia de un cerramiento es uno partido por la suma de sus resistencias, y en un muro aislado hay una capa que aporta casi toda. Suma d/λ de cada capa, más las dos resistencias superficiales, e invierte: U = 1 / (Rsi + Σd/λ + Rse). Monta el muro aquí abajo y verás al aislamiento cargando con el ochenta o el noventa por ciento del total mientras el ladrillo, el bloque y el enfoscado se pelean por las migas. Al lado tienes el límite que pide el CTE en tu zona, ya puesto.
Windows are the other half of the envelope, and they are always the weak side: a wall at 0.25 sits next to glazing at 1.1 or worse. Work that out in the window U-value calculator.
Cómo lo hace la UNE-EN ISO 6946
| Surface resistances | Rsi | Rse |
|---|---|---|
| Muro — el calor va en horizontal | 0,13 | 0,04 |
| Cubierta — el calor sube | 0,10 | 0,04 |
| Suelo — el calor bajaward | 0,17 | 0,04 |
Note what those numbers mean in practice. A wall's two surface resistances add up to 0.17 m²K/W before you have laid a single brick — which is roughly what 6 mm of mineral wool would give you. In a badly insulated wall that is a real fraction of the total; in a good one it is noise. The calculator shows both effects as you build.
Conductividades típicas, para empezar
| Material | λ W/(m·K) |
|---|---|
| PIR / plancha de poliuretano | 0,022 |
| XPS | 0,034 |
| Lana mineral | 0,037 |
| EPS | 0,038 |
| Fibra de madera | 0,040 |
| Hormigón celular | 0,18 |
| Madera de conífera | 0,13 |
| Placa de yeso | 0,21 |
| Ladrillo hueco | 0,44 |
| Ladrillo cerámico | 0,77 |
| Mortero de cemento | 0,90 |
| Hormigón denso | 1,75 |
| Cámara de aire sin ventilar, 25 mm | R = 0.18 m²K/W |
Son cifras publicadas corrientes, para orientar un diseño. For anything you submit, use the declared λ from the product's own datasheet — insulation in particular varies a lot between grades, and the difference between 0.022 and 0.038 is the difference between 100 mm and 170 mm of it.
Ejemplo resuelto para comprobarlo a mano
A wall: 10 mm cement render, 115 mm fired brick, 100 mm mineral wool, 100 mm aerated block, 13 mm plasterboard.
The mineral wool is 74 % of the total resistance from 29 % of the thickness. Everything else in that wall — 238 mm of masonry and finishes — contributes less than a quarter.
Lo que esta página no hace
- No thermal bridges. This is the U-value of the plain build-up. Timber studs, mortar joints, wall ties, lintels and junctions all bypass the insulation, and on a timber-frame or steel-frame wall that correction is large — EN ISO 6946 has a whole method for it that is not here.
- No condensation check. Where the dew point falls inside the construction is a separate calculation, and it is the one that decides whether the wall rots.
- No ground contact. Los suelos en contacto con el terreno van por la UNE-EN ISO 13370, no por aquí.
- No ventilated cavities. A well-ventilated cavity and everything outside it is discounted entirely, which changes the answer a lot.
- Los λ típicos son típicos. Use the product's declared figure for anything real.